Bridge Collapse in Minnesota

The breakdown of scaffold I-35W in Minnesota during the busy time of August 1put huge weight on the unwavering quality and security of our extensions across the country. Innumerable examinations and prudent steps were done to make all extensions pass standard methodology and render it ok for both the vehicles and travelers. Simultaneously it offered mark to our auxiliary fashioners capacity to concoct a really stable structure and extension plan. In this exploration paper we will attempt to stay into the procedure including span structure, the distinctive plan loads, legitimate scaffold fix and the kind of extension configuration utilized by engineers on the I-35W.After the breakdown, we will likewise attempt to disentangle the master sentiment on the genuine reason and offer trustworthiness to their hypothesis on the disappointment of the gusset plate. We will likewise talk about the ramifications of the breakdown of the extension to the building calling, especially if the disappoin tment was brought about by damaged structure speculations. Furthermore, ultimately after everything is said and done, I will attempt to give my appraisal on the issue dependent on the materials winnowed from the various sites of the Internet. The Design Process The plan of a structure (structures or extensions) follows a monotonous and complex process.Bridges for instance needs extra careful perception since it conveys moving burdens and configuration blemishes must be precisely measured if the arrangement is exposed to a PC created recreated pressure graphs. Along these lines auxiliary originators can pinpoint the zones inside the structure that is well on the way to endure crack in extraordinary instances of scaffold over-burden (BridgeArt). On account of Bridge I-35W in Minneapolis, the planner may have been right in the entirety of his suspicions as guided by the Design Manual of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC).From the dead burden to the apparent moving burd ens, to the snow burden and effect loads and furthermore the essential factor of security were totally consolidated in his structure perception. Verification of the issue is the said connect kept on flourishing since its erection in 1967 and just crumbled four decades later. What may have caused the breakdown of the scaffold? Genuine plan mistakes couldn't be blamed in light of the fact that it ought to have fizzled at the beginning †when the extension was first utilized by the driving open. Absolutely the offender could be poor upkeep techniques or scaffold repairs.The Bridge Repair Data assembled from MN-DOT uncovers that the extension experienced significant deck clearing in 1970 and 1990. This twin fixes has just added colossal dead burden to the structure. Before the breakdown of the extension another clearing was in progress and materials were amassed on the deck in addition to the different hardware doing the fix work (Obi-Akpere). The ongoing reemerging of the scaffold set an extra deadweight to the structure, generally around 300 tons and may have set off the downfall of extension I-35W (Obi-Akpere).The Bridge Design Engineers from the University of Minnesota in its report, saw the extension as a non-repetitive structure †implying that every auxiliary part act together and on the off chance that one part bombs the whole structure would fall. In addition, the curved structure lays on just four arches and disappointment of one particularly during tremors would be cataclysmic (Week III). The scaffold I-35W is an ordinary three range consistent deck support with a language of steel individuals and with the roadway on top.To shield the extension from parallel development as a result of extraordinary temperature changes (extension and withdrawal), connect heading were utilized to permit the structure free development (Week III). The Investigation From the destruction of the fallen scaffold, agents found a few cracked gusset plates. Figurings were made on the pressure limit of the gusset plates and were seen as way inadequate and the heaps applied on the extension were over their plan limit. In any case, no plan defects were seen on the auxiliary individuals (Samuel).This demonstrates that disappointment of the structure radiates from too flimsy gusset plates, which could have been a development mistake as opposed to a structure blemish. Presence of mind directs that a gusset plate ought not be lesser in cross sectional zone to a specific part served. For this situation in the event that legitimate development system could have been followed, at that point auxiliary disappointment ought to have been obvious in the basic individuals (Roy). Or on the other hand structure disappointment could be showed in the welded joints or on the development bolts and bolts.But such isn't the situation, at that point fault ought to be carried by the temporary worker for potentially attempted rigid cost cutting measures or on his inability to tell the plan designer of the small gusset plates. Also, the MN-DOT field builds moreover for its inability to detect the damaged parts introduced in the structure (Gilbert). Likewise investigations were made by MN-DOT work force on the scaffold, however tragic to state that they couldn't detect the flawed gusset plates.Any visual review would be pointless except if field specialists would obediently check each basic part by utilizing calipers, especially the thickness of the auxiliary individuals. All the information are feed to their PC plan programming and at exactly that point would they be able to be sure about their auxiliary appraisal (ArtiFactor). Suggestion to Engineering The breakdown of extension I-35W is a slap to the building calling, since it will in general show that auxiliary originators neglected to give wellbeing nets to our structures on spans as well as buildings.It will place into question and examination the techniques and speculations set forth by symbols of t he business. For more than 100 years our auxiliary creators have drilled the calling dependent on the fundamentals of the recipes idealized by pioneers of the calling and a miscue like the breakdown of the scaffold will render these to nothing. This will have a worldwide impact, since everyone will presently put to test the security of our structures. With a fiasco of this greatness, individuals will currently scrutinize the significance of our basic structure principles.Have we truly made a precise building hypothesis and equation that could be on a very basic level applied to connect plan? Or on the other hand do we have to additionally sharpen our aptitudes so as to thought of a plan rule that will genuinely address such auxiliary inadequacies? Designers will presently be unessential in light of the fact that what they have examined and rehearsed during that time will be rendered futile. It will be starting over from the beginning since all structures will presently be considered unfit for human habitation.What will currently happen to the human populace †most likely live in tents and basic shelter structures? Advancement will be in a stop as everyone will be careful about structure structures, significantly more live in it. However, beginning finding from specialists is a much needed refresher to basic creators. They just discovered mistakes in judgment in the utilization of materials and parts not on the auxiliary plan. This will demonstrate certain that they have drilled sound plan standards and that subsequent structures are more secure than any time in recent memory. ConclusionIn the resulting examination, it is my feeling that what caused the breakdown of extension I-35W isn't the structure imperfections (albeit obvious) however the random fix on the scaffold made by staff of the MN-DOT. Observe that reemerging was made on the scaffold for three events, one out of 1970, 1990, and the one preceding the breakdown of the extension. Each time the ext ension was reemerged, just about 15,000 cubic feet of material was poured over it. This is just for the longest range of 458 feet and a width of 113 feet or around 8 street paths, the one range legitimately over the river.This alone comprises more than 2,500 tons added to the first plan load, and since this is completed multiple times, the extra deadweight is enormous. At the hour of the episode gear and materials were stored making the structure terribly over-burden, no big surprise the extension crumbled (Week III). By the manner in which fixes have been made on the extension, it was really a dangerous situation. It was never the issue of the auxiliary fashioner, not by any means the temporary worker for he realized his responsibilities.But had they followed the steel plan manual on gusset plate plan, the structure could have endure the extra deadweight forced on it. References American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. 1967. Manual of Steel Construction. 6th ed. American Inst itute of Steel Construction: United States. Artifactor. â€Å"I-35W Bridge over Mississippi River fallen! † Science Buzz. 2 August 2007. Science Museum of Minnesota. 4 February 2008. <http://dev. smm. organization/buzz/blog/i_35w_bridge_over_mississippi_river_collapsed>.BridgeArt. 2007. Long Tail Group. 4 February 2008. < http://www. bridgeart. net/software_database/>. Gilbert, Steve. â€Å"Design Flaw caused MN connect breakdown. † Sweetness and Light. 15 January 2008. 4 February 2008. < http://pleasantness light. com/file/plan blemish caused-mn-connect collapse>. Obi-Akpere. â€Å"The Critical Factor Why Minneapolis Bridge Collapsed. † NowPublic. 16 January 2008. 3 February 2008. < http://www. nowpublic. com/condition/basic factor-why-minneapolis-connect collapsed>. Roy, Jennifer.â€Å"Design Flaw Identified in Minnesota Bridge Collapse. † Design News. 15 January 2008. 4 February 2008. < http://www. designnews. com/article/CA6 522883. html>. Samuel, Peter. â€Å"MN/I-35W extension fallen in light of the fact that few gusset plates were horribly small †designing blunder the reason. † TollRoadsnews. 15 January 2008. 3 February 2008. < http://www. tollroadsnews. com/hub/3346>. Weeks III, John A. â€Å"Old I-35W Bridge. † John Weeks Homepage. 2005. 3 February 2008. < http://www. visi. com/~jweeks/spans/pages/ms16. html>.

A Science Article Review As Your Best Friend

A Science Article Review As Your Best FriendScience article review is a method of evaluating a scientific paper that combines the techniques of critical writing, online research and analysis. Its aims are to provide the author with a positive impact on his or her subject of interest, in particular the one that will give them the most convincing reasons to write another work based on that study.While every writer is an expert at his or her field, the author is only as good as the work he or she writes. A good, important paper is required by the university, but the same cannot be said of the work that he or she writes in response to a call from a university.Any editor is likely to take the excellent article that he or she has read through to the next level if it is well written, has good content and has some relation to his or her specialism. It has to make some useful contribution to the subject of study.There is no other way of reading an ordinary and the usual scientific paper excep t to gain a general idea of what is being said. The writer of this piece should have a good idea of what type of information that the person reading it wants to learn.The best kind of article is that which presents the arguments made and a short summary of the conclusion made by the author in a cogent manner. Any writer will tell you that even if it is great literature, if the points are too difficult to understand it can no longer do any harm. It has been seen that even a PhD student's paper has made the grade when its argument is developed correctly.If the author of the article has done his homework, then this article review can be an immense help to him and, it can help him or her in more ways than one. It can help him or her to improve his or her skills, it can help him or her make some valuable connections with colleagues and institutions, it can help him or her to sell his or her latest work to a publisher.Every article published will have a research paper section and an edito r is unlikely to take an unprofessional paper seriously. After reading the review from the reader has the option of taking the entire article up the sleeve and reading it in the privacy of his or her own home. Such an article review can help even a layman to improve his or her own skills and it can help him or her to meet some interesting people who can help improve his or her area of expertise.

The French Revolution A Turning Point In French History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1920 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: French Revolution Essay Did you like this example? The French Revolution was an inevitable uprising in France. Between 1789 and 1799 the common people revolted against the government and their ruling power, eventually resulting in France becoming a republic. Such a drastic change was at the expense of years of oppressive ruling styles enforced by the monarchy. The French Revolution was driven by a need for change within the french society, after years of the ruling power ignoring the prominent need for reformation. Prior to 1789 French society was structured according to feudalism in a system referred to as the Estates system. This structure forced people into specific classes which determined their rights and status. It was virtually impossible for someone to move classes, and if they did it could take generations to do so. At the pinnacle of this absolute monarch system was Louis XVI. His rule was believed to be an extension of God, resulting in his word overruling all others. His commands were never to be questioned or refused or the retributions could be fatal. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The French Revolution: A Turning Point In French History" essay for you Create order The Estate system was made up of three distinct orders. The First Estate was made up of the Roman Catholic clergy, who were seen as the only path to understanding God and the afterlife, with about 100,000 members. This group was made up of monks, nuns, parish priests, and bishops and came with numerous benefits such as the collection of tithes. Tithes were the collection of one-tenths of each persons income that was then sent to support the church. The First Estate also was exempt from paying land taxes, resulting in them being even wealthier than the rest of the population. The connection of the state and church created a religious monopoly within society because there was no other permitted religion. This stronghold on social order was maintained by the lack of funds that made it to the bottom tiers within this Estate. Its members were also unfairly protected by only being able to be tried by an ecclesiastical court, by other members of the church, rather than standard civil court members. The Second Estate within French society was made up of nobles, similar to the feudal pyramid, these members were in the top percentiles of the social order. They filled many of the powerful positions within the army, church and government. Out of the 24,700,000 people that made up Frances population, only 400,000 made up the Second Estate while owning more than 20% of the available land. Similar to the First Estate, the Second Estate also had many unfair advantages in comparison to the lower classes such as tax exemptions and permission to collect dues from the peasant class.These circumstances were drastically different from those applied to the Third Estate, which was made up of merchants, lawyers, poor laborers, and ordinary peasants, made up 98% of the population. It was solely a matter of time before the numerically larger Estate rose up against the monarchy. In 1789, King Louis XVI found himself in a state of financial distress. At the time France had been heavily involved in the American Revolution while King Louis XVI and his predecessor had continued to spend their money extravagantly. Along with two previous decades of poor harvests, droughts, cattle diseases, and steadily accumulating bread prices France was on the brink of bankruptcy. To attempt at saving the country from an economic downfall, King Louis XVIs controller general, Charles Alexandre de Colonne, proposed a financial reform package that would eliminate the Elite class taxation exemptions with a universal land tax. To obtain support for such changes and attempt to stall a growing aristocratic revolt King Louis XVI summoned a meeting with the Estates-General, a meeting representing the clergy, nobility, and middle class for the first time since 1614. It was intended to take place on May 5, 1614 while, in the meantime, delegates were to compile a list of grievances and c omplaints pertaining to each Estate. The Third Estate began to bring up the demand for equal representation and the abolishment of the noble veto, the higher Estates ability to outvote the other 98% of the population made up of Third estate. This demand was faced with great resistance from the nobles. By the time the Estates General gathered, the matter had already become a highly public debate, leading to hostile eruptions between the three Estates. Due to the lack of progress being made, the Third Estate and some members of the lower clergy congregated on their own in Versailles, France and formally adopted the name the National Assembly. Hear, what is known as the Tennis Court Oath occurred. Due to them being locked out of their typical meeting hall by the government, as well as receiving threats to stop their deliberations, they met on an abandoned tennis court where they vowed, not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require until the constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated upon firm foundations. Out of the entire congregation, Only one broke this vow. They also brought the cahiers, their list of grievances, which attributed all their problems to the arbitrary power of the king and demanded a constitution that would end the kings ability to abuse such absolutism. They also requested the end of censorship, the reorganization of finances that would prevent abuse from the government, and equality in taxation. These reforms were supposed to be made through the goodwill of the king. At first, King Louis XVI ordered the three Estates to follow the original plan and meet in their separate chambers. The privileged classes obeyes, while the Third Estate refused to comply. This demonstration of immense commitment proved to be a force King Louis XVI could not overthrow. In response to the King Henri ?†°vrard, one of the nobles that had been elected deputy of the Third Estate, stated, Go tell your master that we are here by the will of the people, and that we can be removed only with the force of bayonets. Only four days after the meeting, King Louis XVI ordered the nobility and higher clergymen to join the truly representative National Assembly. On July 9, they joined to take on the name of Constituent Assembly. Despite the previous events, the king was secretly forming a strong resistance to the Third Estate. He ordered troops to concentrate around Versailles, and on July 11, 1789 a complete crisis broke out. The only popular minister, Necker, was dismissed and along with the nearby accumulation of troops there was great unrest among the people. In protest, spontaneous speakers rose up in front of the crowds at the Palais-Royal, one of the royal palaces. One of these speakers was a young writer, Camille Desmoulins, who urged the people to take up arms in their defense of freedom. This only urged the already tense crowd, the mob of people broke out, looting any place where they might find weapons. All while Bernard- Rene de Launay, the governor of the Bastille, had been meeting with some of the revolutionary delegates. He promised not to raise arms against them, but many misunderstood what was happening and believed that their delegates had been taken as prisoners. Rioters stormed the Bastil le Fortress, a large military fortress and prison where they had been meeting, climbing over its walls to lower a drawbridge to let others inside its courtyard. Once they began to lower a second drawbridge, Launay broke his promise and opened fire on the rioters. He was lacking the needed provisions and eventually surrendered, being taken prisoner by the crowd. As he was being marched to city hall he was torn from his guard and murdered by the bloodthirsty crowd. Furthermore they continued to cut off his head and parade through the city with it. This day, July 14, 1789 marked the violent roots of the French Revolution. This wave of revolutionary demand spread, along with great hysteria to the countryside, this is what was known as the Great Fear ( la Grande Peur). Due to years of exploitations, peasants looted and burned the homes of landlords, tax collectors, and the seigniorial (feudal lords) elite. This led the National Constituent Assembly to abolish feudalism on August 4, 1789. They signed the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, which was later called the death certificate of the old order. It echoed the political and philosophical ideals of the Enlightenment, stating the Assemblys dedication to replace the ancien regime with a system grounded in equal opportunity, freedom of speech, popular sovereignty, and a representative government. Drafting the formal version of this constitution proved difficult for the National Constituent Assembly, considering the harsh economic times and obligation to address the people, the Roman Catholic Church, and the French Government. The f inal draft, adopted on september 3, 1791, echoed their modern voices but still established a constitutional monarchy, lent King Louis XVI the royal veto power, and ability to appoint ministers. This did not appeal to rising radical figures such as Maximilien de Robespierre, an activist and government official at the time, leading to their demand for King Louis XVIs trial in regards to his previous attempt to flee the country. This lead to yet another political crisis, causing a group of rebels led by the extremist group Jacobins, considerably the most ruthless political group created in response to the French Revolution, who attacked the royal residence in Paris and arrested King Louis XVI on August 10, 1792. Within the following month, a wave of violence lead to the massacre of hundreds of accused counterrevolutionaries, anyone against the revolution. The Legislative Assembly was also abolished, with the National Convention taking its place. They Advocated the abolishment of the monarchy and the emplacement of the French republic. On January 21, 1793, the French republic sent King Louis XVI to the guillotine, and his wife Marie- Antoinette shortly after, for high treason. The Jacobins continued to seize control of the National Convention from another, more moderate group, the Girondins. The implemented a series of their radical ideals such as the eradication of Christianity. They also provoked the bloody Reign of Terror, a ten year period during which thousands of suspected enemies of the revolution were condemned to death by guillotine. Many of these deaths were carried out by the orders of Robespierre, the leader of the Jacobins. Eventually he faced his own execution on July 28, 1794, after implicating the Law of Prairial, which would allow a person to be tried and executed without a defense or witnesses. His death marked the beginning of the Thermidorian Reaction, a period during which the French people revolted against the excessiveness of the Reign of Terror. On August 22, 1795 the National Convention, now mostly made up of the remaining Girondins, who ratified a new constitution that created Frances first bicameral, being made up of two branches, legislature. It was decided that executive power would be placed in the hands of a five-member Directory appointed by parliament. Although many protested against this form of government, they were silenced by the rising general, Napoleon Bonaparte. Eventually, after the Directory coming to rely almost entirely on the military to retain authority, a frustrated Bonaparte eradicated the Directory and appointed himself Frances first consul on November 9, 1799. This marked the end of the French revolution, and the beginning of the Napoleonic era in which France would rise to dominate much of continental Europe. The French Revolution is an example of what might happen if the elite classes are given sole power. This revolution marks the birth of equality and freedom from monarchical power, something that is still valued in French society today. The French Revolution created a base for its people, built upon human rights.

Essay about 9/11 by Robert Pinsky - 1105 Words

Without falling into jingoism or being over-sentimental, Robert Pinskys poem 9/11 generates a commendable ode to the spirit that drives this country, in addition to revealing the American culture for what it truly is Ââ€" enthusiastic and frivolous, courageous and fallible, petty and resilient. For most Americans, September 10th is Before, and everything since is After. Citizens from every state across the U.S. responded immediately to the attacks by giving blood and donating much-needed items to shelters, where an overwhelming amount of aid was sent to assist the itinerant victims. However, its ironic that the American people Ââ€" who were so benevolent and charitable for the populace of the 9/11 tragedy Ââ€" would turn their backs on and†¦show more content†¦Americas togetherness, our connectivity with each other, proved false after beginning to fall apart as more and more time passed, and the culture moved away from horrific and terrifying to thats so sad and Im so sorry. When Pinksy mentions notorious historic figures, he is proposing that Americans are not as together as we would like to seem: Will Rogers was a Cherokee, a survivor Of expropriation. A roper, a card. For some, A hero. He had turned sixteen the year That Frederick Douglass died. Douglass was twelve When Emily Dickinson was born. Is even Donald Half-forgotten?Ââ€"Who are the Americans, not A people by blood or religion? (Lines 21-27) By including familiar faces such as Frederick Douglass and Emily Dickenson co-habitating along side a half-forgotten Donald Duck, he is idolizing real Americans, actual people who contributed to freedom and the ideals on which our founding fathers hoped our nation would achieve. I believe this is why Pinksy includes these names in the poem Ââ€" for the very fact that they were ordinary people who achieved many great things Ââ€" instead of including mainstream celebrities such as Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. Somehow previous generations are dismissed and forgotten when people are not personally affected or connected to the past. A source of AmericasShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review - Representation of Women in Walt Disney Cartoon Characters.3370 Words   |  14 Pagesidea of motherhood not being important in Disney? Most of the characters mothers are deceased or not mentioned- with the father figure being the be all and end all of decisions. 9) Why Disney has changed certain things from the original fairytales? 10) Is there any change in the characterization of the cartoons ? 11) What about the Villains in Disney- Why all evil women have special powers in their aid whereas males simply use violence? Is Disney sexist? 12) Also why are most of the princesRead More Effects of Television on Our Society Essays6952 Words   |  28 PagesChristianity in the show). â€Å"We try to represent people’s honest attitudes about religion,† producer Scully says. 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Fitness Training Essay Example For Students

Fitness Training Essay Most fitness and training facilities now have stability balls, foam rolls, balance boards and other fun toys as part of their conditioning equipment. These are part of a new trend in the strength and conditioning field called functional training. Definition Functional training is the action of training function, a general term that meaning role or duty. Functional training is the science of training the body to meet the specific demands of life and sports. It is based on 1) the principle of specificity and 2) muscle function. The principle of specificity also known as SAID (Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands) means that the body responds and adapts specifically to the type and amount of physical demands under which it is placed. In other words, you only improve what youve specifically trained. Since muscle form dictates the role and function of each muscle, muscle needs to be trained the way it is designed to function. Origin Functional training is nothing new and comes primarily from the rehabilitation field. For many decades, therapists have been experimenting with ways of helping their patients regain function. Their goal is to retrain muscles to work properly using special exercises. In their quest to help their patients to become more functional, they have a developed functional training approach. Traditional vs. Functional Traditional strength training usually consists of trying to develop strength and build muscle through isolating specific muscle groups. This type of training could be called dysfunctional training and only develop segmental strength. Traditional strength training is adequate for building muscle but it does not train the body to meet the specific demands of life and sports. It does not reproduce real life conditions and only serves to create non-functional strength. Peter Twist, Vancouver Canucks Strength and Conditioning Coach, explains: Typical strength training attempts to develop the body through a piecemeal approach, isolating specific muscle groups. Worse yet, this is often done with the body unloaded, sitting stationary on a machine while moving one isolated body part through a controlled range of motion, usually in a strict linear, straight ahead motion. Traditional strength training train isolated muscle function while functional training train the body to work as a unit. The central nervous system is programmed to make the body function as a unit, not to work in terms of isolated muscle function. Functional training is functional since it trains the body the way it has been designed to function. Benefits of Functional Training This type of training has many benefits but the most important one being that it creates a healthy, well-conditioned body. Some of the major benefits are: to develop kinesthetic awareness and body control to improve Posture to improve muscle balance to decrease incidence of injury to improve athletic performance to have a positive effect on spinal health to enhance movement efficiency to give a more narrow-waist look (as a result of an improved posture) to improve both dynamic and static balance Functional training offers more benefits overall than traditional strength training. A combination of both is still possible if you are looking for the benefits of functional training while looking to specifically develop muscles. As a rule of thumb, always perform functional training first when your nervous system is still fresh. Functional Exercises Highly functional exercises need to facilitate as much multi-joint involvement as possible to create muscular and joint interdependency ; it also need to challenge the body with proprioceptively enriched exercises in an unstable environment that excite and develop the nervous system says Mark Cibrario, Owner of a personal training studio and expert in functional training. In each movement, various muscles are involved and they all play a different role. The central nervous system, responsible for muscle activation, is programmed for integrated kinetic chain movement which involves the agonist (prime mover), antagonist (opposite to prime mover), synergists (assist prime mover), stabilizers (which stabilize joints while prime movers and synergists perform movement), and neutralizers (which counteract unwanted action of others muscles), all these together work to reproduce an efficient movements. Recycling Essay The body is not designed for isolated muscle function. Each movement requires an integration of various muscles. It has been shown that the body responds better to training in an unstable environment .

Table Of Contents Introduction Table 1Effects Of LSD A Brief Foray In

Table of Contents Introduction Table 1:Effects of LSD A Brief Foray Into Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences The Suspects Figure 1: Structure of LSD Overview of Synaptic Transmission Theory: LSD Pre-synaptically Inhibits 5-HT Neurons Theory: LSD Post-synaptically Antagonizes 5-HT2 Receptors Figure 2: LSD Binding at 5-HT2 Receptor Theory: LSD Post-synaptically Partially Agonizes 5-HT2 Receptors Theory: LSD Post-synaptically Agonizes 5-HT1 Receptors Conclusion References Introduction The psychedelic effects of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 (LSD) were discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman by accident in 1938. In the 1950s and 1960s, LSD was used by psychiatrists for analytic psychotherapy. It was thought that the administration of LSD could aid the patient in releasing repressed material. It was also suggested that psychiatrists themselves might develop more insight into the pathology of a diseased mind through self experimentation. 1,2 During the late 60s, LSD became popular a s a recreational drug. While it has been suggested that recreational use of the drug has dropped, a recent report on CNN claimed that 4.4% of 8th graders have tried it. LSD is considered to be one of, if not the, most potent hallucinogenic drug known. Small doses of LSD (1/2 - 2 ug/kg body weight) result in a number of system wide effects that could be classified into somatic, psychological, cognitive, and perceptual categories. These effects can last between 5 and 14 hours. Table 1: Effects of LSD 1, 2, 3 Somatic Psychological Cognitive Perceptual mydriasis hallucinations disturbed thought processes increased stimulus from environment hyperglycemia depersonalization difficulty expressing thoughts changes in shape/color hyperthermia reliving of repressed memories impairment of reasoning synaesthesia (running together of sensory modalities) piloerection mood swings (related to set and setting) impairment of memory - esp. integration of short -> long term disturbed perception of time vomiting euphoria lachrymation megalomania hypotension schizophrenic-like state respiratory effects are stimulated at low doses and depressed at higher doses reduced "defenses", subject to "power of suggestion" brachycardia The study of hallucinogens such as LSD is fundamental to the neurosciences. Science thrives on mystery and contradiction; i ndeed without these it stagnates. The pronounced effects that hallucinogens have throughout the nervous system have served as potent demonstrations of difficult to explain behavior. The attempts to unravel the mechanisms of hallucinogens are closely tied to basic research in the physiology of neuroreceptors, neurotransmitters, neural structures, and their relation to behavior. This paper will first examine the relationship between neural activity and behavior. It will then discuss some of the neural populations and neurotransmitters that are believed to by effected by LSD. The paper will conclude with a more detailed discussion of possible ways that LSD can effect the neurotransmitter receptors which are probably ultimately responsible for its LSD. A Brief Foray Into Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences Modern physics is divided by two descriptions of the universe: the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Many physicists have faith that at some point a "Grand Unified Theory" will be developed which will provide a unified description of the universe from subatomic particles to the movement of the planets. Like in physics, the cognitive sciences can describe the brain at different levels of abstraction. For example, neurobiologists study brain function at the level of neurons while psychologists look for the laws describing behavior and cognitive mechanisms. Also like in physics, many in these fields believe that it is possible that one day we will be able to understand complicated behaviors in terms of neuronal mechanisms. Others believe that this unification isn't possible even in theory because there is some metaphysical quality to consciousness that transcends neural firing patterns. Even if consciousness can't be described by a "Grand Unified Theory" of the cognitive sciences, it is apparent that many of our cognitive mechanisms and behaviors can. While research on the level of neurons and psychological mechanisms is fairly well developed, the area in between these is rather murky. Some progress has been made however. Cognitive scientists have been able to associate mechanisms with areas of the brain and have also been able to describe the effects on these systems by various neurotransmitters. For example, disruption of hippocampal activity has been found to result in a deficiency in consolidating short term to long term memory. Cognitive disorders such as

Internal Assessment ( IA ) Lab Report Guide Essays - Knowledge

Internal Assessment ( IA ) Lab Report Guide Essays - Knowledge Internal Assessment ( IA ) Lab Report Guide IB Biology - Mr. McGee Your internal assessment (IA) lab report is a professional document based on your accumulation of knowledge and abilities to act and function as a scientist. I know it is time consuming, but you are the scientist and we are excited to see your results! Have fun as you partake in the joy of being an independent scientist. You will produce a single typed document (typically 6-12 pages long) that will be assessed by myself as well as a random "external moderator," usually from a foreign country, during the summer months. Our scores will be compared and averaged for your final score. You will also receive a lab grade for the project my class. Remember, the IA lab reports constitutes 20% of your final IB score (80% is from papers 1, 2 3 which will be taken in May) and constitutes a large part of your overall Q3 grade in this classroom. The lab report is graded by merits of the five aspects and will be worth a total of 48 points. Personal Engagement Show evidence of your commitment and dedication to solving your research question. +2 Points (8%) Exploration Provide a well-designed lab complete with background research and focus on controls. +6 Points (25%) Analysis Processing data in a table(s) and graph(s) as well as use of appropriate statistics to support a conclusion. +6 Points (25%) Evaluation Concluding and discussing your data based on your research question and its implications to the world. +6 Points (25%) Communication The focus of your lab to the research question and your ability to clearly convey data, ideas and thoughts to readers. +4 Points (17%) Total +24 Points (100%) *Everything will be doubled, making 48 points total. Requirements of the IA Lab Report: Write your lab report in third person format. No "I" or "me." Must be typed in 12 point font in a legible, professional font (no comic-sans !). Graphs should be made on Microsoft Excel, but are permitted to be hand-drawn on paper if necessary. However, you must use sharpened pencils and be very careful to make it clear. A free alternative to Microsoft Excel is Openoffice.org . It's nearly identical and free to download. All factual information must be cited and properly sourced on a separate works cited page. Lab report needs to be organized in the proper format as found on page 2 of this guide . If human volunteer subjects are used, the lab must have their signed consent sheets submitted. The final lab report must be printed and submitted to me by the de adline (this cannot be emailed , sorry ). Responsibilities: Make sure you develop a lab that is within your abilities and time to complete. Every year some hot shot tries to go above and beyond in what they see as the "ultimate lab", only to find that the deadline approaches and they ran out of test subjects, don't have enough trials, ran out of money, etc. Just keep it simple and you can succeed. It is your responsibility to appreciate the meaning of academic honesty , especially authenticity and intellectual property. You are also responsible for initiating your research question on your own and developing a method to test it. Seeking help when in doubt, d emonstra ting independence of thought, initiative in the design and implantation of your investigation are important for you to demonstrate as a scientist and as a student. The IA is your responsibility and it is your work. Plagiarism and copying other's work is not permissible. You must clearly distinguish between your own words and thoughts and those of others by the use of quotation marks (or another method, like indentation) followed by an appropriate citation that denotes an entry in the bibliography. It is preferred that you use MLA format (although biologists tend to use CSE or CMS format). Key Due Dates: January 19 th (Tuesday) Research Question Due (emailed, printed or written) February 3 rd (Wednesday) Draft (Lab Design ) Due (must bring printed copy) February 26 th (Friday) Draft (Complete Lab Report) Due (must bring printed copy) March 1 st (Tuesday) Final IA Lab Report Due (must bring printed copy) Types of Investigations: After you have covered a number of biology syllabus